They now stand at 20 percent of the overall government budget, as mandated by Indonesian law. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. Public institutions are generally highly selective. In fact, Indonesia … Since most students are enrolled in fee-charging private institutions, Indonesian households are bearing the brunt of tertiary education expenditures. A onetime registration fee (which can be quite high) is determined at the time of entry. These institutions teach a secular, general academic curriculum in addition to religious studies. The government’s Household Health Survey estimated an illiteracy rate of 7 percent, with more females (10 percent) than males being illiterate (4 percent) and with higher rates in rural (10 percent) than in urban areas (4 percent; Badan Pusat Statistik, 2007b). The D4 is pegged at the same level as the S1 Sarjana in the Indonesian qualifications framework. The sovereign archipelago of Indonesia is on track to rapid urbanization; in fact, it is the largest country in Southeast Asia, the world’s third most populous democracy and is ranked 16th in GDP. [2] Calculation based on the sum of Population aged 14 years or younger and Population aged 15-24 years from 2017 UIS data. Enrollments at upper-secondary private schools, on the other hand, decreased from 54 to 46 percent over the same time span, according to UIS data. The pupil-to-teacher ratio has dropped from 20 to 1 to 16 to 1 in elementary education between 2004 and 2017, even though this ratio has remained flat if not decreased at higher levels of schooling (as per data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics – UIS). The research output of Indonesian universities is growing rapidly, but it’s still low compared with that of other emerging economies. This large university-age population means that Indonesia has a substantial pool of potential international students. Modern education was introduced in Indonesia during the era of Dutch colonial rule, when traditional school systems like Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren) were supplemented with Dutch-language schools for the children of colonialists and local administrative elites, as well as village schools or “folk schools” for Indonesian commoners. While 55 percent of students enrolled in academic programs in 2015, enrollments in the vocational track have been growing fast in recent years, at annual rates of 12 to 14 percent between 2004 and 2012. This site has been developed for use by students in the classroom or at home during their middle years of schooling. Indonesia is not a major study destination for international students. These straddle secondary and post-secondary education and lead to the award of a one-year post-secondary diploma (D1) in addition to a senior secondary school diploma. In 2018, Indonesia legally allowed foreign branch campuses to operate in the country. Admissions criteria at Indonesian HEIs vary by institution, but the minimum entry requirement is the senior secondary school certificate (Ijazah SMA, MA or SMK). They were devastating, with three Australians killed in the blasts. Even though student-to-teacher ratios in the private sector are lower than in the public sector, private madrasahs, for example, tend to have lower-qualified teachers and inadequate facilities. At first, only private HEIs were required to have their programs accredited. Remuneration for primary- and secondary-school teachers, although low, compares favorably with that in other Asian countries such as Malaysia, India, and Thailand. AIMS supports study abroad for one semester at participating institutions in the ASEAN. On the plus side, mean years of schooling among the population above the age of 25 have doubled since the 1980s to eight years in 2016. This article is written based on keynote presentation of the first author, Ali Nugraha, in the 2011 International Early Childhood Studies Conference: Current Issues in Early Childhood, 11-12 July 2011, in Indonesia University of Education (UPI), Bandung. Religion Is Diverse. Lies said. To improve quality standards, the Indonesian government in the mid-1990s created a National Board for Higher Education Accreditation (Badan Akreditasi Nasioanal Perguruan Tinggi, or BAN-PT), an independent body under the MOE. The vast majority of Indonesian higher education institutions (HEIs) are smaller private providers of lesser quality, while admission into public universities is highly competitive. It is important for the government to support the growth of this group in all fronts. Indonesia is already an exporter, not merely a consumer, of education, and it is thus a source of foreign income for the country. Professional schools offer “diploma” and “specialist” degrees, the latter graded either “SP1" or “SP2," depending on the level of advancement. However, about 30 percent of lecturers, particularly at private institutions, still don’t meet this requirement. According to the International Study Center by Boston College in 2001 the archipelago ranked 34th in 38 countries in math ability among 8th grade and 32nd in science ability. Hindu and Buddhist students, who don’t have their own religious teachers in the school, read their religious texts while sitting in the same rooms as their Muslim classmates reciting the Koran.”, Reasons for the Rise of Islamism in Indonesian Public Schools, Yenni Kwok wrote in the New York Times, ““The rise in such practices has affected teachers too. The country’s constitution also states that education in the country is offered in 2 types, non … Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. Other major universities include Catholic University in Bandung and the Institut Pertanian Bogor, in Bogor. Since the mid-2000s, Indonesia has implemented a broad range of education reforms, including the decentralization of parts of its school system, improvements in teacher training standards, and sizable increases in education spending (as a share of the national budget). Introduces Flash animation interactive resource for the study of Indonesia in Arts, English and Studies of Society and the Environment, years 3-9. While the U.S. is still the second most popular destination for mobile Indonesian students, Indonesian enrollments in the U.S. have dropped significantly in recent years. The colonial government limited education to an amount needed to fill positions in the civil service and society of the time. For some female activists like Ms. [Source: Yenni Kwok, New York Times, June 15, 2014 ^+^]. It lasts three years (grades 10 to 12) and is offered in different specialization streams in the general academic track. Subscribe to WENR, and discover other tools and publications. Since the 1970s, however, primary-school teachers have been required to have graduated from a senior high school for teachers, and teachers of higher grades have been required to have completed a university-level education course. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. The … In one school in eastern Jakarta, Muslim students spend 15 to 20 minutes reading the Koran every morning, guided through a public address system, said a teacher at the school, speaking on condition that neither she nor the school be identified, for fear of professional repercussions. Like its secondary school system, Indonesia’s higher education system is binary in nature. However, legislation from 2005 made it mandatory for teachers to have a four-year university degree (Sarjana Pendidikan) or a Diploma 4 in education order to qualify for public professional teacher allowances. The government presently prioritizes early education and has achieved a sharp increase in the nationwide preschool GER from 50.2 percent in 2010 to 72 percent in 2014. SMK programs are typically three years in duration after grade nine, but there are also four-year “SMK plus” options. 20 percent in member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and D, approximately 27 percent under the age of 15, ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF), Sunni Islam’s most prestigious university, recent depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah against the U.S. dollar, Times Higher Education World University Ranking, Education in the United States of America, Photocopy of the degree certificate (Diploma, Sarjana, Magister, Doktor)—submitted by the applicant, Academic Transcript—sent directly by the institution attended, For completed doctoral programs, an official letter confirming the conferral of the degree—sent directly by the institution, Magister Manajemen (Master of Management). [Source: Iqbal R.F. Credentials awarded at this level may sometimes also be called Sarjana Sains Terapan (degree in applied science). Despite these difficulties, most institutions of higher education receive large numbers of applications; in state institutions, less than one in four applications was accepted in 2004; in private institutions, the acceptance rate was nearly two out of three. Its territory spans more than 17,000 islands that stretch for 3,181 miles along the equator between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Beginning under Guided Democracy (1959–65) and strengthened in the New Order after 1975, a key feature of the national curriculum—as was the case for other national institutions—has been instruction in the Pancasila. [Source: Library of Congress *], The character of Indonesia’s education system reflects the country’s diverse religious heritage, its struggle for a national identity, and the challenge of resource allocation in a poor but developing archipelagic nation with a population that is young (median age 27.6 years) and growing (at an estimated annual rate of about 1.1 percent) in 2009. The academic year in the school systems generally lasts from July to June with a break in December and during the Muslim Eid Holiday. The final credential is called Dokter (Doctor of Medicine). One of the most serious problems for graduates with advanced degrees, however, is finding employment suited to their newly acquired education. “If they want to learn about their religion, they can learn about it at home,” he said in an interview. Lecturers often have other jobs outside the university to supplement their wages. The fact that there are no UIS statistics available for China prevents comparative analysis, but according to Chinese government data, there were 14,000 Indonesians studying in China in 2018 (up from 10,957 in 2011). Indonesia is presently the 19th-largest sending country of international students to the United States. Some institutions may have an additional summer semester from June to August. These quality considerations notwithstanding, enrollments in private institutions at the elementary level increased from 16 percent to 22 percent between 2004 and 2017. Accreditation is granted for five-year periods and is based on the evaluation of institutional self-assessments and on-site inspections by BAN-PT. The majority of vocational schools specialize in the fields of technology and industry (86 percent) and business and management (76 percent). Study and training programs in disciplines like dentistry and veterinary medicine are organized similarly. “Wearing a jilbab should be voluntary,” said Ms. Retno, who wears one.” ^+^. A 2014 World Bank Policy Brief found that despite a doubling of the number of workers who have at least some tertiary education between 2000 and 2010, still only 8 percent of workers possessed a tertiary degree, far short of the 21 percent demanded by the labor market. Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim country. Welcome to Go Indonesia! Tertiary attainment levels, likewise, are very low: The percentage of Indonesians over the age of 25 that had attained at least a bachelor’s degree in 2016 was just under 9 percent, the lowest of all the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The study activities are spent almost at the class. All Rights Reserved. The government projected in 2016 that Indonesia needs 3.8 million new skilled workers annually until 2030 to bridge a gap of 56 million skilled workers. The country has much lower literacy levels than those of other Southeast Asian nations. Education in Indonesia is compulsory and provided free of charge at public schools from grades one to nine (six years of elementary education and three years of junior secondary education). [Source: Library of Congress *]. Providing textbooks and other school equipment to Indonesia’s 37 million schoolchildren throughout the far-flung archipelago continues to be a significant problem as well, especially in more remote areas. [6] Since its higher education sector is relatively underdeveloped, it doesn’t have institutions of global reputation, nor does it have capacity to provide for its own domestic student population, let alone foreign students. It’s unclear how student inflows from Indonesia will develop in the future. Here are 25 facts that you might not know about Indonesia… Fact 1) Jakarta’s Gelora Bung Karno Stadium is one of the largest stadium in the world. It ranks 116th out of 189 on the UN’s Human Development Index, and its GDP per capita is less than half that of neighboring Malaysia. Also, increasing tuition costs in the U.S. and the recent depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah against the U.S. dollar make it more costly for Indonesians to study Stateside. In Australia, the number of tertiary degree-seeking students as reported by the UIS has remained stable at around 10,000 over the past few years. Top universities include the University of Indonesia in Jakarta and Trisaki University and the Universitas Gajah Mada in Yogyakarta. According to the MHRT, there were 573 universities in Indonesia as of 2018, more than 90 percent of them private. Institutions like the University of Indonesia offer medical training programs in which students earn a Sarjana after eight semesters and the Dokter after another four semesters of clinical studies. Nowadays, it is not uncommon for Indonesian children to attend pesantrens, madrasahs (Islamic schools), or sekolahs Islam (modern Islamic schools). Senior secondary education is presently neither compulsory nor free. The vast majority—more than 90 percent—of HEIs in Indonesia are privately owned. The country’s qualifications framework, established in 2012 to facilitate mobility between academic programs and the recognition of prior learning, illustrates the different subsystems and how they are related. Overall, the e-learning market in Indonesia has grown by 25 percent between 2010 and 2015. There were only 257 polytechnics in Indonesia in 2018. Indonesia facts and information including a basic history, maps and photos, statistics about education, religion, culture, and much more. Academies are dedicated to vocational education at the undergraduate level and can be public or private. Elyazar, Simon I. Hay, and J. Kevin Baird, PMC Apr 13, 2011]. Existing teachers were required to seek re-certification under the new requirements. In higher education, Indonesian is the medium of instruction as well, but English is becoming more common for some programs, and textbooks are commonly printed in English. Christian students sit together in one room, within hearing of the Koranic recital, to read the Bible, the teacher said. Until recently they were frequented by both the children of expats and wealthy Indonesian elites, but government directives from 2014 related to the strengthening of the “moral character” of Indonesian youth barred Indonesian nationals from attending wholly foreign-owned schools, which were renamed “foreign education institutions.” Instead, Indonesians can attend so-called “joint cooperation schools” which are locally owned but accredited overseas. This level stood at 652,364 graduates at the end of academic year 2008–9. That said, the school system is still centrally steered by the MOE, which is responsible for curriculum development, the hiring of teachers, and national school examinations. As a result, the number of school teachers at all levels of school education holding a Sarjana shot up from 37 percent in 2003 to 90 percent in 2016. Education spending during the Suharto years was extremely meager, hovering around 1 percent of GDP or less throughout much of the 1990s. Lower or junior secondary education lasts for three years (grades seven to nine) and concludes with the award of the certificate of completion of junior secondary school (sekolah menengah pertama, or SMP). Religious institutions, meanwhile, are overseen by the powerful Ministry of Religious Affairs. Outbound mobility is also bound to be boosted by growing intraregional initiatives and scholarship programs designed to facilitate academic exchange and labor mobility, such as the ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF) or the ASEAN International Mobility for Students (AIMS) program. Twenty-seven million Indonesians still live on less than USD$0.75 a day. [Source: Library of Congress *]. Children age six and older learned by rote its five principles—belief in one God, humanitarianism, national unity, democracy, and social justice—and were instructed daily to apply the meanings of this key national symbol to their lives. However, public education spending as a percentage of GDP has stagnated over the past decade and remains well below recommended levels for emerging economies (at 3.6 percent of GDP in 2015). Current efforts in Indonesia (2) •Private sector efforts: –Some interesting ideas: •Abolishing education streaming in senior secondary schools. Indonesian is the official language of instruction in the school system, although Indonesia’s various spoken languages may also be used at the local level in the first years of elementary education. Many are larger multi-disciplinary institutions that offer a broad range of undergraduate and graduate programs. Until the mid-2000s, Indonesia’s teachers were able to practice with merely a diploma in education. Such measures notwithstanding, the existing funding structures and high financial burdens on private households tend to perpetuate social inequalities in Indonesia. During 1997–98, the financial crisis affected the poorest families the most, resulting in their selectively cutting back on their education expenditures. Less than 12 percent of professors hold a PhD, most who do teach at top public universities. Educational quality is a pressing concern in Indonesian higher education. It now stands at 36.3 percent, compared with 28.3 percent in Vietnam, 42 percent in Malaysia, and 49.3 percent in Thailand (UIS). Just 200,000 out of 1.25 million Indonesian elementary school teachers held a university degree in 2006, while the majority of them had a senior secondary school diploma or a Diploma 2. The most popular fields of study are STEM fields (33.1 percent total), followed by business and management (28 percent). The system was elitist and accessible only to the select few. If you do not have Flash 4 on your computer there should be warning and a link so that you can download it (test for Flash 4 below). Indonesia - Indonesia - Plant and animal life: Indonesia’s vegetation is similar to that of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea. To live up to its full economic potential, Indonesia needs to increase public spending, build up its infrastructure and bridge regional development gaps, curb corruption, provide stable and predictable governance, and raise living standards by investing in health care, education, and human capital development. But the ministry’s spokesman, Ibnu Hamad, says the central government does not have powers to intervene. These students don’t specialize—they are examined in seven subjects and receive a senior secondary school equivalency certificate (Izajah Paket C Setara SMA). This discrepancy is even more pronounced in the case of smaller countries like Singapore and Brunei, which have sky-high outbound mobility ratios of 12.92 and 30.99 percent respectively. Pupils who complete junior secondary education at religious schools under the purview of the Ministry of Religious Affairs receive the equivalent certificate of completion of madrasah tsanawiyah (MTs). In public schools, emphasis on moral and civil studies under the rubric of Pancasila was altered after the end of the New Order. In 1950 there were 10 institutions of higher learning with a total of about 6,500 students. *. At the time of formal independence in 1949, the republic had few schools or university faculties. The government seeks to nurture “world-class universities,” and to incentivize HEIs to increase research output by rewarding top-rated institutions with special funding. The effort effectively doubled the education budget between 2000 and 2006, to reach $14 billion or 16 percent of all government spending. Together, these three countries make up the study destinations of nearly 60 percent of all outbound Indonesian students. [Source: Yenni Kwok, New York Times, June 15, 2014 ^+^], “About 400 kilometers, or 260 miles, away, in Yogyakarta, central Java, another parent, Tri Agus Susanto Siswowiharjo, says he would like to send his daughters to a public secondary school, but he, too, is worried that they would have to wear Islamic dress. There is a shortage of qualified math, science and English teachers. The government provides only limited scholarship support for students wishing to attend private universities. If a university has a religious affiliation, it can cover some of its costs with donations or grants from international religious organizations. Indonesia is presently the 10th-largest country of origin of international students in Australia. Indonesia’s cultural and regional diversity is as vast as the number of its islands. Both general academic and vocational programs can also be completed at Islamic senior secondary schools, called madrasah Aliyah (MA), or in the case of vocational programs, madrasah aliyah kejuruan (MAK). In 2008 primary and secondary education, both private and public, included: 63,444 kindergartens, 144,228 six-year primary schools, 28,777 junior secondary schools, 10,762 general senior secondary schools, and 7,592 vocational senior secondary schools, enrolling total of 45.4 million students taught by 2.9 million teachers. Despite these marked differences, Indonesia is viewed as having a promising economic future; it’s bound to become a country of global importance in the 21st century. There were 10,646 Indonesian degree students in the country in 2016 compared with 10,148 in 2004. A compounding factor is that rising demand for quality higher education is presently not met by supply in Indonesia, and that current curricula are ill-suited for the labor market. Private universities are generally operated by foundations. Medical schools are university faculties, close to two-thirds of which are part of private universities. These prestigious and expensive schools teach foreign curricula and are clustered in major cities like Jakarta. The majority of elementary schools—more than 80 percent in 2010—are public, but private institutions play an important role in Indonesia’s school system, especially at the secondary level: 57 percent of schools at the lower-secondary level and 70 percent at the upper-secondary level were private in 2010, even though a majority of students were enrolled in public institutions. In 2015, the government also introduced a ranking system that classifies universities into four categories: platinum, gold, silver, and brown (the lowest category). In Indonesia, girls are more likely than boys to drop out of school. Only in the last years of colonial rule did the Dutch try to build an educational system. Indonesia’s three largest ethnic groups are the Javanese (40.1 percent), primarily located on Java, the world’s most populated island and home to more than 50 percent of the total Indonesian population; the Sundanese (15.5 percent); and the Malays (3.7 percent). However, since the end of the Suharto regime and the subsequent democratization of Indonesia, various functions of government have been decentralized and transferred to locally elected district governments. Student–teacher ratios also compare satisfactorily with those in many Asian nations: They were 23.4 to 1 and 18.8 to 1, respectively, for primary and secondary schools in 2004; that same year, the overall averages for Asia-Pacific countries were 22 to 1 and 18 to 1, respectively. In the PISA rankings, Indonesian students’ scores in math, reading and science lag behind the average of their peers. Indonesian HEIs use a number of different grading scales, most of which are variations of the U.S.-style A to B scale, either with or without “+” and “-” designations. In fact, a recent survey conducted by AFS Intercultural Programs found that 81 percent of 13- to 18-year-olds in Indonesia had considered study abroad. Students in religious schools specialize in religious subjects. The majority (60 percent) of Indonesian students pursue undergraduate degrees, while 14 percent enroll at the graduate level, 3 percent at the non-degree level, and 8 percent participated in OPT. Some schools also require Muslim students to recite verses from the Koran every morning before the lessons begin. “We are so nervous in facing social and moral problems like teen delinquency that we are turning to irrational religious teachings,” Ms. International student enrollment dropped in the wake of U.S. government-imposed visa restrictions and the globally unpopular 2003 Iraq war. In the mid 2000s Islamic factions and parties pushed through a national education bill which required schools to provide students with religious teaching according to their faiths. The site has been created using Flash 4. The best universities are mostly in Java. Based on the evaluation by BAN-PT, programs are grouped into four categories: A (very good), B (good), C (satisfactory), or D (unsatisfactory). In 2013, Indonesia ranked last in a landmark education report that measured literacy, test results, graduation rates and other key benchmarks in 50 nations. •Boarding school model. 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